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The Jewish National Fund (Hebrew: קרן קימת לישראל, ''Keren Kayemet LeYisrael'') (abbreviated as JNF, and sometimes KKL) was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine (later British Mandate for Palestine, and subsequently Israel and the Palestinian territories) for Jewish settlement.〔Joshua Feldman, ''The Yemenite Jews'', London 1913, p. 32〕 The JNF is a non-profit organization.〔Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.("NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)" ); State of Israel, July 2006〕〔Rebecca Spence.("Reform Slams Knesset Plan for JNF Land" ); Jewish Daily Forward, July 25, 2007〕 By 2007, it owned 13% of the total land in Israel. Since its inception, the JNF says it has planted over 240 million trees in Israel. It has also built 180 dams and reservoirs, developed of land and established more than 1,000 parks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jewish National Fund - Plant Trees in Israel )〕 In 2002, the JNF was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State of Israel. ==History== The JNF was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901 with Theodor Herzl's support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, Zvi Hermann Schapira.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Jewish National Fund )〕 Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The Blue Box (known in Yiddish as a ''pushke'') has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these blue and white tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world.〔()〕 From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise money. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were used as postage stamps during the transition from Palestine to Israel.〔Kimmerly, Ian. “Jewish National Fund issues postal substitutes” in ‘’ The Globe and Mail (Canada)’’ July 22, 1989〕 The first parcel of land, east of Hadera, was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Isaac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1903. It became an olive grove.〔Zvi Shilony, ''Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914'', Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.〕 In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the Sea of Galilee and at Ben Shemen. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities.〔("100 colonies founded" ), ''The New York Times''. April 17, 1936. Page 11.〕 In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. JNF holdings by the end of the British Mandate period amounted to 936 km².〔Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 74-96.〕 By 1948, the JNF owned 54% of the land held by Jews in the region,〔Donald H. Akenson.("God's Peoples" ); Cornell University Press, 1992, p.168〕 or a bit less than 4% of the land in what was then known as the British Madate of Palestine.〔Dan Leon.("The Jewish National Fund: How the Land Was ‘Redeemed’: The JNF’s historical concept of exclusively Jewish land is wholly anachronistic" ); ''Palestine-Israel'' Journal, Vol 12 No. 4 & Vol 13 No. 1, 05/06 /〕 By the eve of statehood, the JNF had acquired a total of 936,000 dunums of land; another 800,000 dunums had been acquired by other Jewish organizations or individuals.〔Efraim Orni, ''Land in Israel: History, Policy, Administration, Development'' (Jerusalem, Jewish National Fund, 1981), p. 40; Abraham Granott, ''Agrarian Reform and the Record of Israel'' (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1956), p. 28.〕 Most of the JNF's activities during the Mandatory period were closely associated with Yossef Weitz, the head of its settlement department. By the eve of statehood, the JNF had acquired a total of 936,000 dunums of land; another 800,000 dunums had been acquired by other Jewish organizations or individuals.〔 From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it. In its charter, the JNF states: "Since the first land purchase in Eretz Israel in the early 1900s for and on behalf of the Jewish People, JNF has served as the Jewish People's trustee of the land, initiating and charting development work to enable Jewish settlement from the border in the north to the edge of the desert and Arava in the south." After Israel's establishment in 1948, the government began to sell absentee lands to the JNF. On January 27, 1949, 1,000 km² of land (from a total of about 3,500 km²) was sold to the JNF for the price of I£11 million. Another 1,000 km² of land was sold to the JNF in October 1950. Over the years questions about the legitimacy of these transactions have been raised but Israeli legislation has generally supported the JNF's land claims.〔A. Golan. ''(The Transfer of Abandoned Rural Arab Lands to Jews During Israel's War of Independence )'', Cathedra, 63, pp. 122-154, 1992 . English translation: “The Transfer to Jewish Control of Abandoned Arab Land during the War of Independence,” in S.I. Troen and N. Lucas (eds), ''Israel, The First Decade of Independence'' (Albany, NY, 1995)〕 In 1953, the JNF was dissolved and re-organized as an Israeli company under the name ''Keren Kayemet LeYisrael'' (JNF-KKL). In 1960, administration of the land held by the JNF-KKL, apart from forested areas, was transferred to a newly formed government agency, the Israel Land Administration (ILA). The ILA was then responsible for managing some 93% of the land of Israel. All the land managed by the ILA was defined as ''Israeli lands''; it included both land owned by the government (about 80%) and land owned by the JNF-KKL (about 13%).〔David Kretzmer, ''The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel'' (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), pp. 60—61. Government Press Office of Israel, May 22, 1997.〕 The JNF-KKL received the right to nominate 10 of the 22 directors of the ILA, lending it significant leverage within that state body. After concentrating on the centre and northern part of the young state, the JNF-KKL started supporting Jewish settlements around the Negev border from around 1965. After the Six-Day War in 1967, the JNF-KKL started work in the newly occupied Palestinian territories as well.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.jnf.org/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish National Fund」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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